The most important revolution has been the introduction and widespread adoption of the operating microscope. Microscopes have been used for decades in other medical disciplines: ophthalmology, neurosurgery, reconstructive surgery, otorhinolaryngology, and vascular surgery. Its introduction into dentistry in the last 20 years, particularly in endodontics, has revolutionized how endodontics is practiced worldwide. The microscope allows Dr. MacIntyre to visualize the inner most aspects of the tooth and provides detection of cracks and fractures, and location of hidden or calcified canals. It also helps facilitate removal of broken instruments and surgical root repair. Dr. MacIntyre is able to see the tooth with 10 to 30 times magnification.